Modern Europe constitutes both a major and minor field for students interested in the history of European politics, society, economy, and culture from 1750 to the present. Faculty members in the field of modern Europe, drawn from all CUNY colleges and the Graduate Center, offer courses on a wide variety of topics. They mentor students pursuing research in national, inter-European, and global contexts. As internationally recognized scholars, they actively participate in European conferences and professional organizations, and their publications are frequently translated for European audiences. The program in Modern Europe is especially strong in German, Italian, French, and British history; history of women and gender; intellectual and cultural history; history of sexuality; social and economic history, and comparative history. The many libraries and research institutes in New York City, most notable the New York Public Library, provide rich holdings in foreign-language sources for student research projects.