ÿþ<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <html lang="en"><!-- InstanceBegin template="/Templates/index.dwt" codeOutsideHTMLIsLocked="false" --> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../indexstyle.css" /> <link href="../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies"> <script type="text/javascript" src="../menu.js"></script> <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="doctitle" --> <title>IJMES Transliteration Guide</title> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> <meta name="description" content="International Journal of Middle East Studies"> <meta name="keywords" content="Middle East Studies, Middle East Journal, IJMES, International Journal of Middle East Studies" /> <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="head" --><!-- InstanceEndEditable --> </head> <body><div id="wrap"> <div id="topwrap"> <div id="headerwrap"><img src="../images/header.jpg" alt="International Journal of Middle East Studies" width="801" height="167"></div> <div id="menuwrap"><div id="chromemenu"> <ul> <li><a href="../index.htm" target="_self"><strong>HOME</strong></a></li> <li><a href="about.html" target="_self"><strong>ABOUT US</strong></a></li> <li><a href="authorresources.html" target="_self"><strong>AUTHOR RESOURCES</strong></a></li> <li><a href="bookreviews.html" target="_self"><strong>BOOK REVIEWS</strong></a></li> <li><a href="submissions.html" target="_self"><strong>SUBMISSIONS</strong></a></li> </ul> <!--1st drop down menu --> <div id="dropmenu1" class="dropmenudiv" style="width: 105px;"> <a href="phd.html">Ph.D. Degree</a> <a href="masters.html">Masters Degree</a> </div> <!--2nd drop down menu --> <div id="dropmenu2" class="dropmenudiv" style="width: 150px;"> <a href="cherniss.html">Cherniss Library</a> <a href="submissions.html">Online Resources</a> <a href="undergraduate.html">Undergraduate Programs</a> </div> <!--3rd drop down menu --> <div id="dropmenu3" class="dropmenudiv" style="width: 200px;"> <a href="concentration_health.html">Health Concentration</a> <a href="concentration_law.html">Psychology and Law Concentration</a></div> </div> </div> <div id="contentwrap"><div id="sidebar"> <div id="sidebarbox"><a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=MES"><img src="../images/journal_cover.jpg" width="143" height="200" alt="IJMES Journal link" border="0"></a></div> </div> <div id="main"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="text body" --> <p class="pageheader">IJMES TRANSLITERATION GUIDE</p> <p class="bodytext"> IJMES is considered a leader in the field of Middle East studies for its transliteration standards and requires that all authors adhere to them carefully. Please review the guidelines below and the appropriate transliteration chart before submitting any material with transliterated text to IJMES. Manuscripts with significant transliteration errors may be returned.</p> <p class="bodytext">For Arabic and Persian, use the <a href="../docs/TransChart.pdf">IJMES Transliteration Chart</a> (PDF). (Special thanks to <a href="http://www.scholarlytype.com">Muhammad Hozien</a>.) For Ottoman Turkish, use the IJMES Transliteration Chart or modern Turkish orthography consistently. For Hebrew, use the Library of Congress <a href="../docs/hebrew.pdf">Transliteration Chart</a>. <p class="bodytext"><strong>General Transliteration Guidelines</strong></p> <p class="bodytext">1) If an English term exists for a word, use it. </p> <p class="bodytext">2) All technical terms from languages written in non-Latin alphabets must be italicized and fully transliterated with diacritical marks (macrons and dots), e.g., &#703;<em>ash&#257;</em>&#702;. A technical term is defined as a word for which there is no English equivalent and that is not found in Merriam Webster s Collegiate Dictionary, or a multi-word phrase, excluding names and titles as detailed in #4 below. Diacritical marks, as well as the letters <i>&#703;ayn </i>and hamza, should be inserted using a Unicode font (see <a href="authorresources.html">Author Resources page</a>).</p> <p class="bodytext">3) Words found in Merriam Webster s should be spelled as they appear there and not treated as technical terms. They should have no diacritics, nor should they be italicized for example, mufti, jihad, shaykh. See the <a href="../docs/WordList.pdf">IJMES Word List</a> (PDF) for exceptions that preserve <i>&#703;ayn </i> and hamza, for example, Qur&#702;an, shari&#703;a, &#703;ulama&#702;, and Ka&#703;ba.</p> <p class="bodytext">4) Diacritics should <strong>not </strong>be added to personal names, place names, names of political parties and organizations, or titles of books and articles. These words should be spelled in accordance with the IJMES transliteration system but without diacritics. However, <i>&#703;ayn </i> and hamza should be preserved in all these cases (except for initial hamza, which is dropped). Do not italicize transliterated proper names, including titles of organizations, and do follow English capitalization rules: for example, al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun. Use italics for titles of books and journals only.</p> <p class="bodytext">5) Arabic names of prominent political or cultural figures are spelled according to the IJMES transliteration system, but without diacritics. Note: IJMES no longer follows "accepted English spellings" for Arabic names of prominent figures; we now follow our transliteration system in all cases, e.g., Jamal &#703;Abd al-Nasir. Names of living individuals may be spelled according to their preferred English spelling. <p class="bodytext">6) Place names with accepted English spellings should be spelled in accordance with English norms, for example, Baalbek, Damascus. This rule applies to cities of publication in citations. See the <a href="../docs/WordList.pdf">IJMES Word List</a> for exceptions and preferences among common spellings. </p> <p class="bodytext">7) Follow English capitalization rules for transliterated titles. Capitalize all major terms, but not articles, prefixes, coordinating conjunctions, or prepositions (even when joined to pronouns). Use italics to indicate a book, newspaper, or periodical. Do NOT add diacritical marks, but do add <em>&#703;ayn </em>and hamza. Ex. <em>Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa, al-Nur al-Safir&#703;an Akhbar al-Qarn al-&#703;Ashir</em>. </p> <p class="bodytext">8) Avoid Anglicized plurals on fully transliterated words if possible: for example, <i>fuqah </i>, not <i>faq+h</i>s. Exceptions may be made if there is a good reason for it, such as when comparing numbered quantities or currencies. Anglicized plurals may be used on words that are found in Merriam-Webster's and thus not fully transliterated, e.g., muftis.</p> <p class="bodytext">9) When in doubt, follow the spelling of the term in the script of the original languge, </i>not</i> its oral pronunciation. There are only a few exceptions (e.g., <i>i fa</i> constructions), all of which are detailed on this page. </p> <p class="bodytext">10) For colloquial Arabic, refer to a dictionary. For Egyptian and related dialects, the source of choice is Martin Hinds and El-Said Badawi, comp. <em>A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic: Arabic-English </em>(Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1986). </p> <p class="bodytext"><strong>Detailed Guidelines</strong></p> <p class="bodytext">&bull; The Arabic<i> t¾ marbkma </i> is rendered <i>a</i> not <i>ah</i>. In Persian it is <i>ih</i>. In Arabic <i>i fa </i>constructions, it is rendered <i>at</i>: for example, <i> thawrat 14 tammkz</i>. The Persian izafat is rendered <i>-i</i>: for example, <i>vilyat-i faq+h</i>. <p class="bodytext">&bull; The feminine adjectival -ya followed by<i> t¾ marbkma </i> is rendered <i> -iyya </i> in Arabic (e.g., <i>micriyya</i>) and <i> -iyyih</i> in Persian. <p class="bodytext">&bull; Inseparable prepositions, conjunctions, and other prefixes are connected with what follows by a hyphen: bi-, wa-, li-, la-. Example: <i> f+ al-¿irq wa-micr</i>. (Note: the preposition <i>f+</i> is not an inseparable prefix in the Arabic script and thus is not treated as one by IJMES.)</p> <p class="bodytext">&bull; Ellision. When one of the above prepositions or conjunctions is followed by<em> al</em>, the <em>a </em>will elide, forming a contraction rendered as wa-l-, bi-l-, li-l-, and la-l-. Example: <i> f+ micr wa-l-¿irq</i>.</p> <p class="bodytext">&bull; Initial hamza is always dropped.</p> <p class="bodytext">&bull; The definite article (e.g., the Arabic al-) is lowercase everywhere, except when the first word of a sentence or an endnote. (Note: IJMES no longer capitalizes "al-" when the first word of a title unless it is the start of a sentence or endnote.)</p> <p class="bodytext">&bull; When an Arabic name is shortened to just the surname, the al- is retained. For example, Hasan al-Banna becomes al-Banna. Connectors in names&mdash;such as bin, ben, abu, etc.&mdash;are lowercase only when preceded by a name. Ex. Osama bin Laden, but Bin Laden, Ibn Khaldun, etc. </p> <p class="bodytext">&bull; Persian must be transliterated using the IJMES system, not that of the <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, so <i> i </i>and <i> u </i>must be used, not <i>e</i> and <i>o</i>. <p class="bodytext">&bull; Just as modern Turkish no longer uses hatted vowels (&acirc;), IJMES does not either.</p> <p class="bodytext">&bull; See the <a href="../docs/TransChart.pdf">IJMES Transliteration Chart</a> (PDF) for a character-by-character map of our transliteration system. <p class="bodytext">&bull; For specifics and exceptions, see the evolving <a href="../docs/WordList.pdf">IJMES Word List</a> (PDF). </p> <p class="bodytext">&nbsp;</p> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> </div><div id="footer"><img src="../images/footer.jpg" alt="International Journal of Middle East Studies| 365 Fifth Avenue, Room 3304, NY, NY 10016 ijmes@gc.cuny.edu" border="0" usemap="#Map"> <map name="Map"><area shape="rect" coords="579,2,800,37" href="http://gc.cuny.edu" target="_blank" alt="Link to the Graduate Center"> <area shape="rect" coords="263,33,386,57" href="mailto: ijmes@gc.cuny.edu" target="_blank" alt="email contact for Jesse Merandy"> </map> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> <!-- InstanceEnd --></html>